2.
  -2021
..  

( -l: - )
:      :70
:    -    ,        
             
-
1.          
2.       
-
3.   -    
4.     -          

-
5. -       
6. ,         
2.
-
7.       
8.   '   
  -2021
..  

( -l: - )
:      :70
:    -    ,        
             
-
1.          
:󷧤󷧥󷧦󷧧󷧨󷧩 :     
     ,          
  ,               
      , ",       - 
   "   '     "    
    "
                 
  - 
 -    ,     '   
2.
         ,    
   ,      
󷆫󷆪  
   ,   ,          
  '       :
 :      
  :          
     ,    '  ,   
  
  ,   ,          
,         

󼩎󼩏󼩐󼩑󼩒󼩓󼩔     ?
    :
 : , , , 
  : , ,   
  :  , , 
 :, ,  ,  
-:     
- :       
              ' 
   -        
󹲣󼩪󼩫󼩬󼩭󼩲󼩳󼩮󼩯󼩰󼩱     
      
,        :
     ( ,   )
    (  ,  )
     ( , )
  

  (, , )
   ,   , ,          
󹵅󹵆󹵇󹵈 
        ,        
2.
          
        
        ,     

             -   , 

󼨐󼨑󼨒- 
       :
- (  )
  ( )
  (    )
 (    )
  (,     )
 -             , 
 ,        
  
󼪀󼪃󼪄󼪁󼪅󼪆󼪂󼪇:       
 ,      ,      ,   
     '         ,    
             ,    
        ,      
      ?         
 
,            ,    
 -   
  
󷉃󷉄    
   -     
    
    
1.  
 ,            

    ,      

2.
2.   
,               
       '   
3.  
         ,     
,     -    
4.  
 , ,              
     '   
󺄀󺄁󺄂󺄃󺄄    
     , ,        ,   
     :
          
      
  
         
 ,             ,  
,        
 
󹴮󹴯󹴰󹴱󹴲󹴳  
      :
    '    
      ,  , -
GIS (  )      -  ,   ,
  '     
  ,  ,        -    
 
󻰿󻱀󻱁󻱂󷽳󻱃󼋥󻱅󼋦󻱆󻱇󼋧󼋨󻱈󻱉󻱊󼋩󻱋󻱌󻱍󼋪󼋫󼋬󼋭󻱎󻱏󻱐󻱑󻱒󻱓󻱔󻱕󻱖󼋮  
  
       :
      
       
      ' 
2.
-     (   ,  )
  ,             
   

󷇴󷇵󷇶󷇷󷇸󷇹:     
     
 -             
      ,           
 
          
  , 
   
   
  
 ,       -  
      
2.       
:󼩎󼩏󼩐󼩑󼩒󼩓󼩔-:     
 
    ,   
      ',   
             -   
     
        ,          
  , "            
,
      ?"         
       -   
              
              
󼨐󼨑󼨒     ?
   1912          
  :
󷆫󷆪"                
     "
     
  -      

2.
󼨻󼨼 -  
      300   ,     - 
         (     ''    
'')
            
 200   ,          :
o   
o   
  -          
  
󹸯󹸭󹸮       
               

,    -     
1.   
     ,         
            
 -   
 
2.  
      '      :
,     ,         
,   , ,  ,    
  
        ?  
   
     
3.    
          
   
-  '       
                
2.
4.  
    '            '
    
   (  ) ,      
  -      
 ,             
󷿶󷿷󷿸󷿹󷿺󼌥󷻱󷿼󼌦󷿾󼌨󷻴󷿑󹌖󼌩󼌪󹌘󼌫󸀁󷿿󼌧󼌬󼌭󼌮󼌯󼌰󸆇󸆈󹌙󹌚󸢥   
?
    
 
     ,        
   
   
?

     
  -    
  
         ,         
     

          ""  
 
   , - 
        1930   
   ,     
󹽌󹽏󹽍󹽎      (   )
    ,          
:
  -  (    )   
      ' 
       
   -        
           ,     
-   -          ,
        
,     -        
2.
󹴷󹴺󹴸󹴹󹴻󹴼󹴽󹴾󹴿󹵀󹵁󹵂      
               
 ()              - 
 
        ,       ,   
() -  ,   '         
 ,       
      
󼩎󼩏󼩐󼩑󼩒󼩓󼩔     
?
       
 -      
 ,
  (    )  , 
  :
   
 
   
 

 ?
    -  ,  -    !
󺄀󺄁󺄂󺄃󺄄    
   ,      ,    -      
      (2  5   )!
 100   ,        -    
          ,    
   
󹰤󹰥󹰦󹰧󹰨:       
            ,    
                
      ,      
 ,   

  
        ,          
    ,    -       
 
 
2.
     
   ,   -   
   
               
         -  , ,   
      󷆫󷆪󼨻󼨼
-
3.   -    
:󷆫󷆪     
  ,          ,    
              ,    
 ,         ,    , 
  , , " ,     ?    
 !"
 ,            , ", ,
    ,            

  '   "
          
󷆭󷆬    ?
        
     ,  
  -           
  
  ',           :
1.  () 
2.  () 
 
   ,         
󷆡󷆢󷆝󷆞󷆟󷆠󷆣1.   ( )
                
        
 
2.
󹺁󹺂   :
    
      
      
        :
A.  
          
i. 
       (     )   
,   
 
       ,    
         ,     
    '        
:  2001            
ii. 
    (),          

 ,       
   ,   ,      
:
  79      -    

B.   ( )
           -      
i. 
    
 ,           
     
      
 
       ,      
  
2.
ii. 
           ,      
            '  
          
:        
󹰽󹰾󹰿󹱀󹱁󹱃󹱄󹱅󹱂2.   ( )
     ' , ,       
 
   :
 


 
  :
A.  -    
        
:
 :  ,   ,    
 : 
       
 :  , ,     
  :
                  ?
   !
B.    -   
            :
 (,  
 )
2.
 (   
 )
 (U-   
 )
  (   
 )
      ,     '      
 ,       
:
              
 ,   - 
󷅑     
     ,    '    

   , ,      
A. 
   '      
    24   
       
B. 
       
     365¼   
      - , ,   
󷧤󷧥󷧦󷧧󷧨󷧩     
?
1.   : , , ,  -     
   
2.  :    
 ;    
 
3.   :       ( )  
  ' -
4.   :         
   
2.
5.   :           , 
     
󷇴󷇵󷇶󷇷󷇸󷇹:   
     ,       "   
 ,  
   ?"      , ",   ,
,      
  -      "
         ,           ,
    
           
     ,        
 ,    
     ,    -   

       ,       -   
4.     -          

:󷆫󷆪  :   
 
                
?   ,   ,   ,      '  
 -     ,        
   ""    
         
     -          
   ?      ?       
      -   
󷆡󷆢󷆝󷆞󷆟󷆠󷆣 1:     
       ,      '    
   -  '        
  -  ,   '    
      , 
    
2.
          
  ,   
-      '            
  
󽁄󽁅󽁆󽁇󽁈 2:     -    
       '         
        ?     
     
            
 
  ??
                
  '  ,       - 
 -   
  
󷅰󷅱󷅵󷅲󷅳󷅴  
  -      ,        
   :
1.         
     
   
2.        U- 
      
  
3. -       ,    
4.   -    ()     
5.  -        
6.  -          '  
󷅰󷅱󷅵󷅲󷅳󷅴     
,    '  
 ?
1.   -    '   ,     

 
󹻂:, ,    ,    
2.   -    
 ,   
  
 
󹻂:          
2.
3.  -         ,     
󹻂:    
󷆫󷆪 3:  -    
            -    
   (  )   
   
 ,      
  - , ,         
  ?
       
  
      
    ,        ,   ,  
        
󼿳  
1.  -   ()  ,     
󹻂-    
2.  -   ( )  ,        
󹻂    
3.  -             
    
4. -  ( )-         
  
󹻂:    
5.   -           ;  
     
󹻂:   
󷨤󷨪󷨥󷨦󷨧󷨨󷨩 4:    
    
  -       
1.   ()
                
󹻂:    ,      
2.   ()
2.
      
󹻂:  ,    
3.  
              
󹻂      
4. 
      
󹻂:   
󼨐󼨑󼨒   :    
  ,               
 ,       ,       ,  
             ,    
       -     ,     ,
      ,          
 
󺄀󺄁󺄂󺄃󺄄 5:    -   ?
      :




  
  


, ,  

   
   
 
 , 
  ,  

  
,      
󼨻󼨼:   
  ?
          :
  :   -  
   :          
2.
   :         -   
        
󼩎󼩏󼩐󼩑󼩒󼩓󼩔 
     
 ,   ,     ,   
-     
     -       
       ,        
      
-
5. -       
:󷅰󷅱󷅵󷅲󷅳󷅴-:      
   :
        ,  
  
         
        
   , 
   - "  ?"       
     '   ,  ,       
 -    
  -   
     ,     
            '    
 -      
         -,    , 
               
󼰧󼰨󼰩󼰪󼰫󼰬󼰭1.   -    
:        ,    
         -         
      ,      ,    
    
󹺁󹺂 -:
()    ()  
        
2.
    -   ,        

:- 
:, , 
󹸱󹸲󹸰  :    
     
 -           ,   
  
()  ()  
   '               
      
 
: -   
: , , 
󹸱󹸲󹸰  :  ,          
 
     (   )       
!
󽄻󽄼󽄽   :
  
   
    
        
󼰧󼰨󼰩󼰪󼰫󼰬󼰭2.   -   
                ,     
   -                 
,        ,     
:            -  , , 
       
󷨤󷨪󷨥󷨦󷨧󷨨󷨩 -:
()   
      ()  
2.
, ,      ,        
: , , 
󹸱󹸲󹸰  :           
              
()   
            
  
       '   
:   (    ),  , 
󹸱󹸲󹸰  :           
      -           
()   
      
          
: ,   
󹸱󹸲󹸰  :            
  ,      
󽄻󽄼󽄽   :
    (    )
   
     
, ,      
󼰧󼰨󼰩󼰪󼰫󼰬󼰭3.   -     
    :           
              
      -            
   
:     (  )       
   ,   
2.
󷃆󹸃󹸄   :
(a)   
         
:  ( ), ,  ( )
󹸱󹸲󹸰  :          
   
        
() -  
  
         
:  (  ),  (  )
󹸱󹸲󹸰  :         
              
󽄻󽄼󽄽   :
   
      
  
        
󼰧󼰨󼰩󼰪󼰫󼰬󼰭  ()


  




 
/ 

, ,


 

/
 , 
, 

 
 
 

, ,

󷧤󷧥󷧦󷧧󷧨󷧩    - 
       '       '   
  -      ,        
2.
                -   ,  
,      
 ,    ,          
       ,        
    -       
󹴷󹴺󹴸󹴹󹴻󹴼󹴽󹴾󹴿󹵀󹵁󹵂
      
        - 
, ,    -     ,   , 
,            
   '         
 ,    
  ,         : " 
    ,    ,     ?" 
 ,  , 

      
6. ,         
:󷆫󷆪     
        ,    ,     
 ,        ,   ,     
         ,   ,   ,  
   , "! !" (! !)  
  ,     ,        
  , "   ,           
   "
   ,              
...
󷆡󷆢󷆝󷆞󷆟󷆠󷆣  ? -    
                    
             
 
2.
   '                 
               
   
 :
         ,          
  ,   '         
                
,  
     ,           
 
󷆖󷆗󷆙󷆚󷆛󷆜󷆘    ? -  
                , "
          "
  ,        ,      
 '              

       :
1.   (-)
        
       
     '    
 ,      
      -        
  
     
    :  
     ,     
-      -  
2.   (S-)
        
 -   
        
  -  -     ,   
2.
           
  - 
 , 
    -   S-  
3.  
   -   
 P  S-   
         ,     
        
           ,      
  -       
󼩎󼩏󼩐󼩑󼩒󼩓󼩔     -   
 ():          
:    '     

      ,      
󹸯󹸭󹸮    ? -    
       ,  
        
         
   -   ,   -  '  
  
 ,  ,     ,      
    ,    
 
     :
1.   (   )
             
   3   :
  -  
  ( , )
  -      ( , - )
  -        (    )
2.
  '      ,         ,
       
2.  
     
       
      ,      '  
 
       ,        
    '            
 
3.    ( )
 ,              
    
   :
  
      (      )
   
-  
    '   ,         ,   
     
4.     
         -          
   
    -   ,   
 
:            
5.   
            
2.
    '  

,           
 
󹴷󹴺󹴸󹴹󹴻󹴼󹴽󹴾󹴿󹵀󹵁󹵂  -     
 - ,             
 
  ,       -  !
, 
     
     ,  
           
    
       
󼩎󼩏󼩐󼩑󼩒󼩓󼩔    ?
    ,         :
  -   
  -   ()  
   ( )  
 , 7.0    5.0         -  2
   
  100   !
󺪸󺪹 
     ?
         
   -  
 
             
  - ,   ,    
 
󷃆󼽢 -   
       ,           
   
,            
  :
   ,
      ,
2.
         ,
           
 ,      ,   -          ,
    
       
 -        
   :
" 
      ,  
   
- 
  
  "
-
7.       
:󷨤󷨪󷨥󷨦󷨧󷨨󷨩 :        
   ,       ,       
      '    "    
,"   
  , "    -   ,  ,    
 ...  ,     "  ,      
  ,     -    
            
            
; 
   , , ,       

           ,  
          
󷃆󺡌󺡍   ?
          '      
       ""      , 
       ,        ,
,      -  
        :
 
   
 
2.
  
 
 ,    -        
󼨽󼨾󼨿󼩁󼩀   
    ,          
:
1. 
     -  :
 :      
:     
:   
:    
                ,  
  
2. 
 -       :
:     -   
:    
:    
:        
     ,        
3.  
      (   ),     ,   
         ,     ,   

       
 
󺄀󺄁󺄂󺄃󺄄    
     '     - ,      
     
 :
2.
󽁄󽁅󽁆󽁇󽁈 :    
         ,       
1. V-  
    
 ,  
    
2.  
    
    
 
3.    
         
:   
-      ,     
󷉈󷉇 :   
,              
1. -
          
   () '       () '   
2. - 
   
   '  
        
3.   
       
     
  - -    
󷆖󷆗󷆙󷆚󷆛󷆜󷆘 :    
  ,    ,    '  
2.
1. 
        '    
2. 
       
        
 :   (-)     
3. 
     -  
     
󼪀󼪃󼪄󼪁󼪅󼪆󼪂󼪇:    
 ,          -    ,  
 ,  -    ,        
 -        ,    ,    
              ,   
   
    
    -   
 -  
  - ,        
󷉃󷉄      
  '    :
:   - , ,  -    
:        
  :        

:,   ,        
,        ,     ,  
 ,    
󷆫󷆪  
          :
    
     
2.
        
         
-   
  ,        
󹴌󹴍󹴐󹴑󹴒󹴎󹴏󹴓󹴔󹴕 
       
,      
    ,           
          ,        

 
       , " 
    ,   
   -        "  ,   
              
8.   '   
: 󹽐󹽑  :       
  ,     ,        
        '       
    
   ,            , -
              ,    
    -             
         
,         '    -     
    ,      ,    
    
 
󼩉󼩊󼩋󼩌󼩍    ?
     
     '  ,  
'  ,           
""               
     -       

    
  -      ,  , ,
           
2.
󼨽󼨾󼨿󼩁󼩀    
        ,      
  
             -
   ,         
    :

  + CO₂   
  +   (CaCO₃) →   ()
 ,       ,      
    ,        ,    
      ,         
󷆭󷆬     
             , 
        :
1.  ()
    '    
 -         
 ()   ()   '   '  

2.   
    ,      
:  (),   ()
3.   
        
    ,     
   ,    
      
4.       
        ,     
 
    
 
2.
5.    
:        -  
         
󺄀󺄁󺄂󺄃󺄄       ?
  
 -     -     :

   

""   

     

  , - 

   , 

 ,     
          
 
󼪀󼪃󼪄󼪁󼪅󼪆󼪂󼪇    :    
    ,            
     ,     -      
              
    
  
 -     ,      ,   
               
 '   
󷉃󷉄      
   ,        :
           
    
   
             
 ,       :
-:           
:         
:           
2.
 ,     -       
  -  -   
     

󼩎󼩏󼩐󼩑󼩒󼩓󼩔    
  
     :
-           
         
        
         
        -        
    
󹲹󹲺󹲻󹲼󹵉󹵊󹵋󹵌󹵍  
              
       
     
 

 ,  ,     ,     

 
                   
  ,            -   
           
"               

       ,         "